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Yādava: the birth clan of Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Yādava (moon) dynasty Yogabhraṣṭha: one who has fallen away from the path of Yoga

Yoga: to unite or to become 'one' with Divine.

Yogī: practitioner of yoga

Yudhiṣṭra: eldest of Pāṇḍavas, renowned for his unflinching adherence to truth, which earned him the title 'Dharmarāja—king of Dharma'

Yuga: time period that spans millions of human years; in Vedic period, there are four yuga namely—Satya Yuga (Nithya Yuga), Treta Yoga, Dwāpar Yuga and Kali Yuga.

Samskrit Pronunciation Guide .

S aṃskṛit is Devabhāśa, meaning the language of the Gods. It is the sacred and sophisticated language or bhāśā, the source of all languages and vocal expressions from time eternal. Spoken by the Gods, it is the first langauge of the world, which flourished in the land of Bhāratavarśa (Bharat).

Saṃskṛitaṃ is a perfect language of the perfect or enlightened ones, used by the learned sages and divine beings to express the sacred eternal Truths.

Bhagavad Gītā is the direct speech of the Divine—Bhagavān, Parabrahma Śrī Kṛṣṇa sung in His own sound, in the most-refined and kingly Saṃskṛit poetry. Just by chanting the Gītā, we can experience the pure space and energy of Śrī Kṛṣṇa and His teachings; the most confidential, sacred Truths. Ādī Śankaracārya, the great Enlightened Master sings in Bhaja Govindaṁ, 'Even a little chanting of the Bhagavad Gītā will liberate you from death.'

Saṃskṛit is now mostly written in Devanāgiri script, meaning 'the city of Gods', which is also the Hindi language script. Throughout this book, the diacritical marks have been rendered to indicate the right pronunciation of each Saṃskṛit sound in the English letter as per the accepted saṃskṛit transliteration system.

| | Hard | Hard Aspirate | Soft | Soft Aspirate | Soft Nasal | Soft Semi- | Hard

Numerals

0- 0 1-- 1 2- 2 3- 3 4 - 4 5- 5 6- 6 7- 7 8- 8 9- 9

Consonant Pronuncations

• • Gutteral: ka, kha, ga, gha, ṅa—pronounced from the throat.
• • Palatal: ca, cha, ja, jha, ña—pronounced with the middle of the tougue against the palate
• • Lingual or Cerebral: ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa—pronounced from the tip of the tougue against the roof of the mouth
• • Dental: ta, tha, da, dha, na—pronounced like the cerebrals but with the tongue against the teeth
• • Labial: pa, pha, b, bh, m—pronounced with the lips
• • Semivowel: ya, ra, la, va
• • Anusvara: ṁ—a resonant nasal sound (mm)
• • Visarga: ḥ—an outbreath h-sound like aḥ (aha), iḥ (ihi)
• • Aspirate: h—a short h-sound (h)